一个英文动词本身虽只有现在形、过去形、过去分词形和现在分词形四种形式,例如“看见”
这个动词,则有see,saw,seen,seeing四个不同的变化,但这四种形式运用起来,也可变出一不同的时态,即
1.He sees(现在)
2.He saw(过去)
3.He has seen(现在完成)
4.He had seen(过去完成)
5.He is seeing(现在进行)
6.He was seeing(过去进行)
7.He will see(现在推量)
8.He would see(过去推量)
9.He has been seeing(现在完成进行)
10.He had been seeing(过去完成进行)
11.He will have seen(现在完成推量)
12.He would have seen(过去完成推量)
13.He will be seeing(现三进行推量)
14.He would be seeing :去进行推量)
15.He will have been seeing(现在完成进行推量)
16.He would have been seeing(过去完成进行推量)
这便是英文动词的变化和用法。奇数是现在,偶数是过去。所谓“完成”是英文特有的动词时态,它本身又有现在、过去、未来之分,现在完成所代表的时态,是从过去到现在,过去完成是指过去的过去,未来完成是说未来的过去。所谓“进行”是真正的现在,即正在进行中的动作,英文的现在时态,只是一种经常的现象而已。所谓“推量”即指未来的事现在加以预测,并不怎样确实的。
所谓现在、过去、未来三种基本的时态,每种又包含得有单纯的,以前的,以后的三个时期,现举例说明如下:
I . PRESENT
1. Simple present :
I take three meals a day.
2. Before - present :
I have finished my meal.
3. After - present:
I am about to start my meal.
II. PAST
1. Simple past:
Last Wednesday at two o' clock my plane left.
2. Before - past:
Last Wednesday at two o'clock I had just returned from London.
3. After - past :
Last Wednesday at two o'clock I was about to give my speech.
III. FUTURE
1. Simple future:
Next Wednesday at two o'clock I will land at New York.
2. Before - future :
Next Wednesday by two o'clock I will have landed at New York.
3. After -future:
Next Wednesday at two o'clock I will be about to land at New York.
再就性质来说,英文动词又可大别为两类:自动词( Intransitive Verb)和他动词(Transitive Verb)。自动词是说明主语的动作或状态的,它自身已能完成一个意念,不必要补足什么要素,而成为一个完整的动作。例如唐诗人贾岛的名句:
鸟宿池边树,僧敲月下门。
译成英文时,便是
Birds dwell in a tree by the pond.
A monk knocks at the door under the moon.
又如,
皓月当空
The moon shines brightly.
凉风起天末。
A cool breeze sprang up in the sky.
日出于东而落于西。
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
到了春天美丽的花朵开遍原野。
In spring beautiful flowers bloom in the open country.
我今天觉得好多了。
I feel much better today.
我对他那贵重的援助非常感谢。
I am deeply indebted to him for his valuable assistance.
在以上例句中有主语Birds及其述语dwell
在以上例句中有主语monk及其述语knocks
在以上例句中有主语moon及其述语shines
在以上例句中有主语breeze及其述语sprang
在以上例句中有主语sun及其述语rises
在以上例句中有主语sun及其述语sets
在以上例句中有主语flowers及其述语bloom
在以上例句中有主语I及其述语feel
在以上例句中有主语I及其述语am
前七例是说明主语的动作的,后二例是说明主语的状态的。
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