在词汇层面,英汉之间的另一个重要差异是,汉语构句以动词为主,一个句子中可用多个相同或不同的动词。而英语则以介词为主,因为英语句子结构以SV(O)为主干,以介词、分词等为枝权,形成树形句或冗长句。英语介词主要表达逻辑关系,介词误用则会导致逻辑错误。例如,“a book for Peter”表示“一本给彼得的书”,“a book by Peter”则表示“一本彼得写的书”,“a book from Peter”是“一本彼得送的书”,“a book on Peter"为“一本关于彼得的书”。汉语一般是用动词来表达这些逻辑关系的。
例1
接种该疫苗后人体可在胃肠道产生特异性的高效抗体,从而构筑起预防幽门螺杆菌感染的“钢铁长城”。
Vaccinated with this vaccine, the human body can produce highly effective idiosyncratic
antibodies in the stomach and intestines, forming a strong shield against the infection
of helicobacter pylori.
例2
当前,一些地方政府为了增加财政收入发展地方经济,不顾环境可能遭到破坏并因此给人们群众带来的危害。
At present,some local governments develop their local economies to increase their revenue,
without regard to the likely damage to the environment and hazards to the people.
例3
党的干部吃简陋的食堂,住寒冷的窑洞,凭借微弱的灯光,长时间地工作。
Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves by dim Lamps.
例4
早上上班的时候,看见先前小学的同学,挎着漂亮的书包,顺着青扬排立的马路,迎着初升的红日,仰着生气勃勃的脸子,兴冲冲地向中学走去,她忍不住冒出了眼。
On her way to work in the morning, she couldn't hold back her tears at the sight of her
former primary schoolmates joyfully walking down the green-willow-lined street towards
their high school, with nice-looking bags hanging from their shoulders and their vivacious
faces upward, against the rising sun.
例5
赞成这一观点的人认为,电脑、电子邮箱等都是公司提供的生产工具,员工当然应该用来做公司的事情。
Those in favor of this view argue that as the computers,the email service, and so on are
tools of production provided by the company, its employees, of course, should use them to
do business for the company.
鉴于上述原因,在汉英翻译过程中,译者应该以SVO常式句为中心,多用介词,少用动词。只有这样,才能译出地道的英语。
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